由于我國分離膜行業發展較晚，出臺的國家標準和行業標準較少，其中膜與膜組件標準有21項，與膜產品相關的裝置標準有24項，全部為推薦性標準，除5項為國家標準外，其他均為行業標準，主要是海洋行業標準，為27項。標準作為行業發展的一個重要步驟，起著肯定已有成果、引導行業發展方向的重要作用，具有很強的指導性。因此相關標準的制定對促進膜產業科學化、規范化管理，引導膜產業朝著健康有序的方向發展，推動膜技術廣泛應用起到了重要的技術支撐作用。
1膜產品技術指標

膜(mo)(mo)產品的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)指(zhi)標繁多，主(zhu)要有分(fen)(fen)離透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)、物(wu)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)和化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)三大類，其中分(fen)(fen)離透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)包括:產水(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)通量(liang)、純水(shui)透過(guo)率(lv)、截(jie)(jie)留(liu)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)(切(qie)割分(fen)(fen)子(zi)質(zhi)量(liang))、截(jie)(jie)留(liu)率(lv)、脫鹽率(lv)、回(hui)收(shou)率(lv)、最大孔徑(jing)(jing)、平均(jun)孔徑(jing)(jing)、孔徑(jing)(jing)分(fen)(fen)布、孔隙率(lv)、氣(qi)密性(xing)(xing)(xing)及完整性(xing)(xing)(xing)等;膜(mo)(mo)物(wu)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)有:結構(gou)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(外觀、膜(mo)(mo)面積、膜(mo)(mo)厚、膜(mo)(mo)絲內外徑(jing)(jing))、機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(拉伸(shen)(shen)強度(du)、爆破強度(du)、彎曲強度(du)、柔潤指(zhi)數(shu)、斷裂伸(shen)(shen)長率(lv))、電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(荷電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、Zeta電(dian)(dian)位)、親水(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(接觸(chu)角)及耐(nai)(nai)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(最高操作溫度(du))等;膜(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)有:化(hua)(hua)學穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(化(hua)(hua)學相(xiang)(xiang)容性(xing)(xing)(xing))、耐(nai)(nai)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(短時余氯耐(nai)(nai)受限(xian)度(du)、過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)氫耐(nai)(nai)受限(xian)度(du))、耐(nai)(nai)酸(suan)堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)(運行(xing)及清(qing)洗pH范圍)及耐(nai)(nai)污(wu)染性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)等。

膜(mo)分(fen)(fen)離透(tou)過性(xing)能(neng)反(fan)映了濾膜(mo)的適用范圍，物理性(xing)能(neng)和(he)化學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)反(fan)映了濾膜(mo)的使(shi)用條件。膜(mo)分(fen)(fen)離透(tou)過性(xing)能(neng)是膜(mo)產品(pin)最重要的技術(shu)指標(biao)，相(xiang)關研究(jiu)和(he)測試方法(fa)較(jiao)多，也(ye)是現(xian)有膜(mo)產品(pin)標(biao)準(zhun)的主要技術(shu)內容，膜(mo)物理和(he)化學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)指標(biao)除結構性(xing)能(neng)外，相(xiang)關標(biao)準(zhun)還是空白。2膜(mo)與膜(mo)組件標(biao)準(zhun)分(fen)(fen)析

膜(mo)(mo)(mo)產品按膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分離(li)過程分類為(wei)微(wei)濾(lv)(MF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、超濾(lv)(UF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、納濾(lv)(NF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、反滲透(RO)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)及離(li)子交換膜(mo)(mo)(mo)等;按膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件型(xing)式(shi)分類可分為(wei)平板膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、卷式(shi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、中空纖維膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(柱式(shi)、簾式(shi))及管(guan)式(shi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、碟(die)管(guan)式(shi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)等。

2.1 通用標準

通用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)包括《膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離技(ji)術(shu)(shu)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)》(GB/T20103—2006)和《膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組(zu)件及(ji)裝置(zhi)型(xing)號命名(ming)》(GB/T20502—2006)。其中GB/T20103—2006標(biao)準(zhun)界(jie)定(ding)了(le)(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離領域(yu)包括電(dian)滲(shen)析(xi)、反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)、納(na)濾(lv)、超濾(lv)、微濾(lv)、氣體分(fen)(fen)離膜(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)離子交(jiao)換膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的常用(yong)術(shu)(shu)語(yu)，對膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離技(ji)術(shu)(shu)領域(yu)的221條術(shu)(shu)語(yu)進行了(le)(le)定(ding)義，適用(yong)于(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)與膜(mo)(mo)(mo)材料、膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組(zu)件、液(ye)體分(fen)(fen)離、氣體分(fen)(fen)離及(ji)其他膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離過程。GB/T20502—2006標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)了(le)(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組(zu)件及(ji)裝置(zhi)型(xing)號的命名(ming)規則，適用(yong)于(yu)反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)、納(na)濾(lv)、超濾(lv)、微濾(lv)、氣體分(fen)(fen)離膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、電(dian)滲(shen)析(xi)及(ji)電(dian)去離子裝置(zhi)。

2.2 反滲透(RO)膜標準

反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)標(biao)準(zhun)有4項:《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)》(HY/T049—1999)、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)技(ji)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)組件(jian)》(HY/T054.1—2001)、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)技(ji)術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)組件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)》(HY/T054.2—2001)和(he)(he)《卷式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)》(HY/T107—2008)。HY/T049—1999標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)除(chu)鹽率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)，適用(yong)于(yu)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、苦咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。在測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)制備，將膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)絲(si)用(yong)環氧樹脂(zhi)粘結于(yu)尼龍(long)管(guan)或(huo)橡皮(pi)塞上，然后將固化的(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)樣(yang)裝入測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但對(dui)樣(yang)品的(de)(de)(de)制備及測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)沒有做(zuo)出(chu)具體詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)或(huo)說(shuo)明。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)筒和(he)(he)秒(miao)表測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，不要(yao)求(qiu)恒溫(wen)(wen)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)數據查表換算成25℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)數值。標(biao)準(zhun)附(fu)(fu)錄(lu)A給(gei)出(chu)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置流程(cheng)圖(tu)，附(fu)(fu)錄(lu)B給(gei)出(chu)了(le)(le)醋酸纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)素膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)(liang)(liang)溫(wen)(wen)度校正因子表。HY/T054.1—2001標(biao)準(zhun)實施(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)與(yu)HY/T049—1999標(biao)準(zhun)和(he)(he)HY/T054.2—2001標(biao)準(zhun)配套使用(yong)，規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)，適用(yong)于(yu)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)素材質(zhi)(zhi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，對(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品規(gui)格和(he)(he)尺寸(包(bao)括接口(kou)尺寸)做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)規(gui)定(ding)。技(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)。對(dui)3種膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、苦咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo))的(de)(de)(de)初始除(chu)鹽率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)初始產(chan)(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(校正到25℃)做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)(le)要(yao)求(qiu)，且產(chan)(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)允許有±10%的(de)(de)(de)誤差(cha)范圍。HY/T054.2—2001標(biao)準(zhun)等效采(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)美國材料與(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗協會的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)《反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)組件(jian)性能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)》(ASTMD4194:1995)。標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)苦咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)回收率(lv)(lv)為(60±2)%，海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)回收率(lv)(lv)為(30±2)%。標(biao)準(zhun)附(fu)(fu)錄(lu)A給(gei)出(chu)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置流程(cheng)圖(tu)。HY/T107—2008標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)卷式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)元(yuan)件(jian)脫鹽率(lv)(lv)、回收率(lv)(lv)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)(liang)(liang)、密封泄漏點及氣密性6個參數的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)。脫鹽率(lv)(lv)可按氯(lv)化鈉濃度法(fa)或(huo)電導率(lv)(lv)法(fa)計算。目(mu)前，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)已很(hen)少見，工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)乎全為卷式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)，但是缺乏對(dui)卷式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)元(yuan)件(jian)性能(neng)技(ji)術要(yao)求(qiu)做(zuo)出(chu)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，質(zhi)(zhi)檢機(ji)構只(zhi)能(neng)根據廠家的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)稱值進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢驗，評判尺度不統一。由時(shi)代沃頓公司承擔(dan)起草的(de)(de)(de)海洋行(xing)(xing)業標(biao)準(zhun)《卷式(shi)(shi)聚酰胺復(fu)合反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)元(yuan)件(jian)》發布實施(shi)后將解(jie)決這一問題(ti)。

2.3 納濾(NF)膜標準

納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)標(biao)(biao)準有(you)1項，即《納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)及(ji)其(qi)元(yuan)件》(HY/T113—2008)。該標(biao)(biao)準規定(ding)了(le)納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)及(ji)其(qi)元(yuan)件的(de)分類與型號、要求(qiu)、檢測、檢驗規則等。技術要求(qiu)規定(ding)了(le)在標(biao)(biao)準條件下納(na)濾(lv)膜(mo)對于一(yi)價(jia)離(li)子(zi)及(ji)二價(jia)離(li)子(zi)的(de)水(shui)通量(liang)和脫除(chu)率(lv)，脫鹽率(lv)可按重量(liang)法或電(dian)導(dao)率(lv)法測量(liang)。一(yi)價(jia)離(li)子(zi)以(yi)500mg/L的(de)NaCl為測試(shi)液(ye)，脫除(chu)率(lv)應(ying)不(bu)小(xiao)于30%;二價(jia)離(li)子(zi)以(yi)2000mg/L的(de)MgSO4為測試(shi)液(ye)，脫除(chu)率(lv)應(ying)不(bu)小(xiao)于90%。

2.4 超濾(UF)膜標準

超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)3項:《中(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜測(ce)(ce)試(shi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》(HY/T050—1999)、《中(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜組(zu)件》(HY/T062—2002)和(he)《超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜及其組(zu)件》(HY/T112—2008)。HY/T050—1999規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)純水(shui)透(tou)過(guo)率、截留(liu)分子質量(liang)及截留(liu)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。所用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)物(wu)質聚乙二醇測(ce)(ce)試(shi)液(ye)濃度(du)定(ding)(ding)為5000mg/L，操作(zuo)上不易實(shi)現(xian)，應該給出一(yi)個允許(xu)誤差范(fan)圍;所用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)物(wu)質牛血清蛋白測(ce)(ce)試(shi)液(ye)濃度(du)為1000～3000mg/L，范(fan)圍太(tai)寬，不科學。關于(yu)純水(shui)透(tou)過(guo)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)條件，對(dui)(dui)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)結果有(you)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)液(ye)溫度(du)及回收率，標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)未做出規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，缺乏(fa)嚴格性(xing)。HY/T062—2002規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)中(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜組(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類與型(xing)號(hao)、要(yao)(yao)(yao)求、試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。其中(zhong)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)均(jun)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求按HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)操作(zuo)，但(dan)這兩項標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)不對(dui)(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，例(li)如在(zai)HY/T050—1999中(zhong)找不到“外觀(guan)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)”和(he)“滲漏檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding);另(ling)外所用(yong)術(shu)語也存(cun)在(zai)不統一(yi)，例(li)如HY/T062—2002中(zhong)“純水(shui)通量(liang)”指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)在(zai)HY/T050—1999中(zhong)以“純水(shui)透(tou)過(guo)率”表述。HY/T112—2008規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)對(dui)(dui)超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，專門規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)用(yong)于(yu)海水(shui)預(yu)處(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜組(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求。純水(shui)通量(liang)及截留(liu)性(xing)能試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求按HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)執行。另(ling)外，規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)完(wan)整性(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)、滲漏檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)及耐壓性(xing)能試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，但(dan)后兩者按廠家標(biao)(biao)(biao)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大工作(zuo)壓力測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，無統一(yi)確(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)壓力規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。耐壓性(xing)能試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求在(zai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大跨(kua)膜壓差下運行12～24h，測(ce)(ce)試(shi)周(zhou)期過(guo)長(chang)。

2.5 微濾(MF)膜標準

微濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)有(you)6項:《微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)性能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)》(HY/T039—1995)、《中(zhong)(zhong)空纖維(wei)(wei)微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)方法(fa)(fa)》(HY/T051—1999)、《微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)》(HY/T053—2001)、《中(zhong)(zhong)空纖維(wei)(wei)微濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件》(HY/T061—2002)、《聚偏氟乙(yi)烯微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)》(HY/T065—2002)及(ji)《聚丙烯中(zhong)(zhong)空纖維(wei)(wei)微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)》(HY/T110—2008)。HY/T039—1995標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、平(ping)均(jun)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)分布及(ji)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)等性能(neng)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)及(ji)其(qi)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方法(fa)(fa)。該標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)適用(yong)于測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)平(ping)均(jun)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)為0.1～20靘多孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(也可用(yong)泡(pao)點壓力(li)(li)表示)、平(ping)均(jun)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)分布及(ji)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)對(dui)象為膜(mo)(mo)(mo)片。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)置采用(yong)HY/T038—1995規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)CTL-D型膜(mo)(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)儀(yi)，該裝(zhuang)置為杭(hang)州水(shui)(shui)處理中(zhong)(zhong)心自(zi)制，不具有(you)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)性。HY/T051—1999標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)用(yong)泡(pao)點壓力(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)空纖維(wei)(wei)微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)及(ji)水(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(又稱純水(shui)(shui)透(tou)(tou)過率(lv)(lv))測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)方法(fa)(fa)。HY/T053—2001標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)產品(pin)標(biao)(biao)(biao)記、要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)、試(shi)驗方法(fa)(fa)等。規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)厚(hou)度范圍、親水(shui)(shui)性和(he)(he)疏水(shui)(shui)性微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)泡(pao)點壓力(li)(li)及(ji)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)值。泡(pao)點壓力(li)(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)按HY/T039—1999規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)(xing)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)是將濕潤(run)的(de)(de)直徑(jing)為47mm的(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)片裝(zhuang)在(zai)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器上在(zai)0.09MPa的(de)(de)負壓條件下測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)得，不要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)恒溫(wen)，根據實測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)水(shui)(shui)溫(wen)時的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)值，用(yong)溫(wen)度校(xiao)正(zheng)因子換算成(cheng)25℃的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)。HY/T061—2002標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)基本要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)滲(shen)漏(lou)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)壓力(li)(li)，技術要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)具體(ti)的(de)(de)技術指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)，不利于檢(jian)(jian)驗判斷。外觀檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、滲(shen)漏(lou)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、純水(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)起始泡(pao)點壓力(li)(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)均(jun)按HY/T051—1999進行(xing)(xing)，但(dan)HY/T051—1999中(zhong)(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)滲(shen)漏(lou)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，純水(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)是以純水(shui)(shui)透(tou)(tou)過率(lv)(lv)表示。存(cun)在(zai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)不對(dui)應(ying)(ying)和(he)(he)術語不統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)問題。HY/T065—2002標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)適用(yong)于氣體(ti)凈化用(yong)的(de)(de)聚偏氟乙(yi)烯微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)。過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)精(jing)度分為0.01靘和(he)(he)0.3靘兩種，性能(neng)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)空氣通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)截(jie)留(liu)率(lv)(lv)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)值。過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)精(jing)度與截(jie)留(liu)率(lv)(lv)采用(yong)氣溶(rong)膠和(he)(he)完整性試(shi)驗方法(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)用(yong)汞壓儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。HY/T110—2008標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)聚丙烯中(zhong)(zhong)空纖維(wei)(wei)微孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)產品(pin)的(de)(de)分類及(ji)型號、要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)、試(shi)驗方法(fa)(fa)等。分別規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)疏水(shui)(shui)性膜(mo)(mo)(mo)和(he)(he)親水(shui)(shui)性膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)、氣體(ti)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)。對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)絲(si)的(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)直徑(jing)和(he)(he)壁(bi)厚(hou)做出了(le)相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、純水(shui)(shui)通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)按HY/T051—1999規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)(xing)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)隙(xi)(xi)率(lv)(lv)按HY/T065—2002規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)(xing)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)還規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)絲(si)平(ping)均(jun)直徑(jing)、壁(bi)厚(hou)和(he)(he)氣體(ti)流量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)方法(fa)(fa)。

2.6 簾式膜標準

簾(lian)(lian)式(shi)膜(mo)標(biao)準(zhun)有1項(xiang)，即《中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)維簾(lian)(lian)式(shi)膜(mo)組(zu)件(jian)》(GB/T25279—2010)。該標(biao)準(zhun)適用于中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)維簾(lian)(lian)式(shi)微(wei)孔濾(lv)膜(mo)組(zu)件(jian)和中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖(xian)維簾(lian)(lian)式(shi)超(chao)濾(lv)膜(mo)組(zu)件(jian)兩類。規(gui)定了膜(mo)組(zu)件(jian)的分類與型(xing)號、要求(qiu)、檢測方(fang)法、檢驗規(gui)則等(deng)。對(dui)外觀(guan)、外形尺寸、無(wu)滲(shen)漏性及產水量做(zuo)出了具體要求(qiu)。產水量的測試條件(jian):自(zi)來水，25℃，-0.02MPa。

2.7 陶瓷微孔濾膜標準

陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜標準(zhun)(zhun)有3項(xiang):《管(guan)(guan)式陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜元件(jian)》(HY/T063—2002)、《管(guan)(guan)式陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜測(ce)(ce)試方(fang)法》(HY/T064—2002)及(ji)《陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜組(zu)件(jian)》(HY/T104—2008)。HY/T063—2002標準(zhun)(zhun)規定(ding)了管(guan)(guan)式陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜元件(jian)的(de)外觀、尺(chi)寸公差、性(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求、試驗方(fang)法及(ji)檢驗規則(ze)等。性(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求包(bao)括(kuo):最(zui)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑、平均(jun)孔(kong)(kong)徑、孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)、純水(shui)通(tong)量、彎(wan)曲強度及(ji)耐酸(suan)堿性(xing)能(neng)。性(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試方(fang)法按HY/T064—2002標準(zhun)(zhun)進行。HY/T064—2002標準(zhun)(zhun)與(yu)HY/T063—2002配套。HY/T104—2008標準(zhun)(zhun)規定(ding)了陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)微孔(kong)(kong)濾膜組(zu)件(jian)的(de)分類與(yu)型號、要(yao)求(包(bao)括(kuo)主要(yao)尺(chi)寸、使用條件(jian)等)、試驗方(fang)法及(ji)檢驗規則(ze)等。

2.8 離子交換膜標準

離(li)子交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)標準(zhun)有1項，即《電(dian)滲析技術(shu)異相離(li)子交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)》(HY/T034.2—1994)，該標準(zhun)規(gui)定了(le)電(dian)滲析異相離(li)子交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)的技術(shu)要求、試驗方法及檢驗規(gui)則(ze)等。指標包(bao)括外(wai)觀、含(han)水(shui)率、交(jiao)換(huan)(huan)容量、面(mian)電(dian)阻(zu)及選擇透過(guo)率。3膜(mo)產(chan)品(pin)裝置標準(zhun)

膜產(chan)品通(tong)過組裝(zhuang)成裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或設備應用(yong)于許多行業，裝(zhuang)置(zhi)標準的建立促(cu)進了(le)膜技術的廣泛(fan)應用(yong)。

反滲透膜產品裝置標準有：

《反滲透水處理(li)設(she)備》(GB/T19249—2003)，

《反滲透系統膜元件清洗技(ji)術規范》(GB/T23954—2009)，

《純水機(ji)》(CJ/T168—2002)，

《生活垃圾(ji)滲濾液碟管式(shi)反滲透處理設備》(CJ/T279—2008)，

《反滲(shen)透海水淡化裝置》(CB/T3753—1995)，

《火電廠(chang)反滲透水處理裝置驗(yan)收(shou)導則》(DL/T951—2005)，

《反滲透裝置》(HCRJ065—1999)，

《環境保護產品技術要求反滲透水處理裝置》(HJ/T270—2006)，

《反滲透(tou)裝置完好要求(qiu)和檢查評(ping)定方法》(SJ/T31455—1994)，

《飲(yin)用純凈水制備(bei)(bei)系(xi)統SRO系(xi)列反(fan)滲透設備(bei)(bei)》(HY/T068—2002)，

《膜(mo)法水處理(li)反滲透海水淡化工程(cheng)設計規范(fan)》(HY/T074—2003)；

納濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《納濾裝置》(HY/T114—2008)；

超濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《超(chao)濾水處(chu)理(li)設備》(CJ/T170—2002)，

《中空纖維(wei)超濾裝置》(HY/T060—2002)，

《環境保護(hu)產品技術(shu)要求超濾裝置》(HJ/T271—2006)，

《火力發電廠超濾水處理裝置驗收導則》(DL/Z952—2005)，

《家用和(he)類(lei)似用途超濾(lv)凈水(shui)機》(QB/T4143—2010)；

微濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《微(wei)濾水處理設備》(CJ/T169—2002)，

《GTL-D型膜孔徑測(ce)定儀》(HY/T038—1995)，

《聚偏氟乙烯微(wei)孔濾膜折疊式過濾器(qi)》(HY/T066—2002)，

《中空纖(xian)維微孔濾膜裝置》(HY/T103—2008)；

離子交換膜產品裝置標準有：

《電(dian)滲析技術電(dian)滲析器(qi)》(HY/T034.3—1994)，

《電(dian)去離(li)子膜堆(組件(jian))》(HY/T120—2008)，

《環境保護產品技術要求電滲析裝置》(HJ/T334—2006)。
4膜技(ji)術標準重點內(nei)容分析

4.1 超濾膜截留性能

超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)包括截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)率(lv)兩項指標(biao)，是超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)最重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)離性(xing)能(neng)指標(biao)。截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)率(lv)是指超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)特定溶(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占溶(rong)液總特定溶(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比率(lv)，截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量是指膜(mo)(mo)(mo)對(dui)某種(zhong)特定溶(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)率(lv)達(da)到90%以(yi)上(shang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最小分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量。它(ta)們(men)是反(fan)映膜(mo)(mo)(mo)孔徑大小和分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)替代參數，決定了超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)離性(xing)能(neng)。我國(guo)超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3項標(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)，關于(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測試，都采用標(biao)準(zhun)HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。在該標(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)，規定用于(yu)超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)準(zhun)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為以(yi)下幾種(zhong):聚(ju)乙二醇(chun)(分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量為6000、10000、20000u);細胞色素C(分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量為13000u);卵清蛋(dan)白(分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量為45000u);牛血(xue)清蛋(dan)白(分(fen)子質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量為67000u)。盡管目前已(yi)經有較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)準(zhun)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應用于(yu)超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測試，但是這(zhe)些化合物(wu)(wu)并不完全具備超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)檢測用基(ji)準(zhun)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)，不能(neng)很好地滿足(zu)準(zhun)確測定超(chao)(chao)(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。主要(yao)(yao)存(cun)在如下問題(ti)：

• ①單一化合物分子質量分布不集中，凝膠色譜測試測得重均/數均分子質量比值(Mw/Mn)>1.1，不適合用作基準物質；
• ②聚乙二醇、聚環氧乙烷及葡聚糖等化合物雖然具備純度高、性質穩定、分子質量分布窄等優點，但是這類化合物的分子構型為線型且濃度隨環境變化而變化，不能確切地表征超濾膜的截留性能，測出的截留率不可靠。
• ③牛血清蛋白和卵清蛋白等蛋白質雖然具有分子質量分布范圍非常小、分子形狀基本呈圓球形等優點，但是蛋白質的球形是非剛性的，容易受到測試條件(如壓力和溫度變化)的影響。另外，可用的蛋白質分子質量只有極少數幾種，而且蛋白質的價格昂貴。更為嚴重的是，牛血清蛋白等蛋白質類物質對膜材料的吸附性強易造成測試結果誤差大，尤其是對于聚砜超濾膜，且這種吸附甚至是不可逆的。
• ④目前，工程中大量應用100000u以上截留分子質量的超濾膜，但測試標準中基準物質的最高分子質量只有67000u，無法滿足測試需要。另外，隨著技術的發展，超濾膜表面改性后可能發生顯著變化，如吸附了功能性物質或者帶有電荷，在此情況下利用傳統的基準物已經不能夠準確測量超濾膜的截留性能。基于現有基準物質存在的不足及行業對超濾膜截留性能測試的需求，亟待開發性能優良的系列基準物。

4.2 微濾膜孔徑

　　微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分離性(xing)能和(he)通(tong)量密(mi)切相(xiang)關，是(shi)(shi)微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)表(biao)征參數(shu)(shu)(shu)。標準(zhun)HY/T051—1999根據泡點法測定(ding)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)最(zui)大孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，但是(shi)(shi)該(gai)方法是(shi)(shi)建立在(zai)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)為均(jun)勻通(tong)直圓孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)假設(she)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下，所測得的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)與(yu)實際相(xiang)比(bi)往往存在(zai)誤差。因為微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)極其復(fu)雜(za)和(he)不(bu)規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)，對于微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)而言，孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)貫(guan)通(tong)于膜(mo)(mo)(mo)兩表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)通(tong)道中最(zui)窄細處的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，即(ji)貫(guan)通(tong)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)頸半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)。另外(wai)，測定(ding)過(guo)程中容易受到潤(run)濕效應(ying)、升壓速率(lv)、孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長度、潤(run)濕液與(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)親和(he)性(xing)等(deng)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，重現性(xing)差。為真實地測定(ding)微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)及組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，可(ke)借鑒超濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)截留(liu)性(xing)能測定(ding)方法，配制具有一定(ding)粒徑(jing)(jing)(jing)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)粒子(zi)溶液作為原水，通(tong)過(guo)微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾后，用顆(ke)粒計數(shu)(shu)(shu)儀測定(ding)原水和(he)透過(guo)水中不(bu)同(tong)粒徑(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)顆(ke)粒數(shu)(shu)(shu)目(mu)，根據微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)對標準(zhun)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)截留(liu)情況(kuang)，可(ke)以得到微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)及孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)分布數(shu)(shu)(shu)據。5總結(jie)

①雖(sui)然我國膜(mo)技術標(biao)準(zhun)發(fa)展取得了相當(dang)的成(cheng)果(guo)，但標(biao)準(zhun)仍然滯(zhi)后于行(xing)業發(fa)展，標(biao)準(zhun)的數量和質(zhi)量還不(bu)能滿足需(xu)要。

②現(xian)有膜(mo)技術(shu)標準中涉(she)及的性(xing)(xing)能(neng)參數主(zhu)要為(wei)分離透過性(xing)(xing)能(neng)指標，膜(mo)物理性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)指標的相關標準有待建(jian)立。

③一些早期的標準需要盡快(kuai)進行(xing)修訂。

④現有基準物(wu)質不(bu)能滿足行業(ye)對超(chao)濾膜截留(liu)性(xing)能測(ce)試的需(xu)要，亟待開發性(xing)能優良的系列基準物(wu)。

⑤可研究采用標準粒(li)子法(fa)真(zhen)實地測定(ding)微濾膜及(ji)組(zu)件的孔徑和(he)孔徑分(fen)布。

⑥標準是膜(mo)產品(pin)的質量(liang)準則(ze)和進行膜(mo)產品(pin)質量(liang)監督檢驗的依據，對于我(wo)國膜(mo)技術(shu)標準的發展，建(jian)議如下(xia)：

• 一是完善標準體系建設。構建一個結構合理、內容完整、重點突出、層次分明的分離膜標準體系框架，引導分離膜標準化工作科學發展；
• 二是深入開展標準基礎研究，提高分離膜標準技術水平；
• 三是制定強制標準，保證分離膜用于飲用水等方面的健康安全；
• 四是加強分離膜產品質量監管，常態化進行國家膜產品質量監督抽查；
• 五是推行膜產品質量認證，實行市場準入；
• 六是加強分離膜標準的宣貫，促進分離膜領域標準化基礎知識的普及和標準對行業的規范作用。