由于我國分離膜行業發展較晚，出臺的國家標準和行業標準較少，其中膜與膜組件標準有21項，與膜產品相關的裝置標準有24項，全部為推薦性標準，除5項為國家標準外，其他均為行業標準，主要是海洋行業標準，為27項。標準作為行業發展的一個重要步驟，起著肯定已有成果、引導行業發展方向的重要作用，具有很強的指導性。因此相關標準的制定對促進膜產業科學化、規范化管理，引導膜產業朝著健康有序的方向發展，推動膜技術廣泛應用起到了重要的技術支撐作用。
1膜產品技術指標

膜(mo)產品(pin)的(de)相關性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)指標(biao)繁(fan)多，主要有分(fen)離透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和化(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)三大(da)類，其(qi)中分(fen)離透過(guo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)包括:產水量、水通量、純水透過(guo)率(lv)(lv)、截留分(fen)子質量(切(qie)割分(fen)子質量)、截留率(lv)(lv)、脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)(lv)、回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)、最大(da)孔(kong)徑(jing)(jing)、平均孔(kong)徑(jing)(jing)、孔(kong)徑(jing)(jing)分(fen)布(bu)、孔(kong)隙率(lv)(lv)、氣密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及完整性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng);膜(mo)物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)有:結構性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(外(wai)觀、膜(mo)面(mian)積、膜(mo)厚、膜(mo)絲(si)內外(wai)徑(jing)(jing))、機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(拉(la)伸(shen)強(qiang)度(du)、爆破強(qiang)度(du)、彎曲(qu)強(qiang)度(du)、柔潤指數、斷裂(lie)伸(shen)長(chang)率(lv)(lv))、電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(荷電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、Zeta電位(wei))、親水性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(接(jie)觸角)及耐(nai)(nai)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(最高操(cao)作溫度(du))等(deng);膜(mo)化(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)有:化(hua)學(xue)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(化(hua)學(xue)相容性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))、耐(nai)(nai)氧化(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(短時余氯耐(nai)(nai)受限度(du)、過(guo)氧化(hua)氫耐(nai)(nai)受限度(du))、耐(nai)(nai)酸堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(運行及清洗pH范圍)及耐(nai)(nai)污(wu)染(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)。

膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分離透(tou)過性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)反映(ying)了(le)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)適用范圍，物理性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)反映(ying)了(le)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用條件。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分離透(tou)過性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)產品最重要的(de)(de)(de)技術指標(biao)，相關研究和測試方(fang)法較多，也是(shi)現(xian)有膜(mo)(mo)(mo)產品標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要技術內(nei)容，膜(mo)(mo)(mo)物理和化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)指標(biao)除(chu)結構性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，相關標(biao)準(zhun)還是(shi)空白。2膜(mo)(mo)(mo)與膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件標(biao)準(zhun)分析

膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)產品(pin)按膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)離(li)過程分(fen)類為(wei)微濾(lv)(MF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、超濾(lv)(UF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、納濾(lv)(NF)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、反(fan)滲透(RO)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)離(li)子交換膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)等(deng);按膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)組件型式分(fen)類可分(fen)為(wei)平板膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、卷式膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、中空(kong)纖維膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(柱(zhu)式、簾式)及(ji)管(guan)式膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)、碟管(guan)式膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)等(deng)。

2.1 通用標準

通用標(biao)準(zhun)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)《膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術術語》(GB/T20103—2006)和《膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)裝(zhuang)置型(xing)號命(ming)名(ming)》(GB/T20502—2006)。其中GB/T20103—2006標(biao)準(zhun)界(jie)定(ding)了(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)領域包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)電滲析、反滲透(tou)、納(na)濾(lv)、超(chao)濾(lv)、微(wei)濾(lv)、氣體(ti)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子交換膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的常用術語，對(dui)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術領域的221條術語進行了(le)定(ding)義(yi)，適用于(yu)(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)與(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)材(cai)料、膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)、液體(ti)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)、氣體(ti)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)及(ji)其他膜(mo)(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程。GB/T20502—2006標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)裝(zhuang)置型(xing)號的命(ming)名(ming)規(gui)則，適用于(yu)(yu)反滲透(tou)、納(na)濾(lv)、超(chao)濾(lv)、微(wei)濾(lv)、氣體(ti)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)、電滲析及(ji)電去離(li)(li)(li)(li)子裝(zhuang)置。

2.2 反滲透(RO)膜標準

反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有4項:《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)》(HY/T049—1999)、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)技術(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)》(HY/T054.1—2001)、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)技術(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)》(HY/T054.2—2001)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)《卷(juan)(juan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)》(HY/T107—2008)。HY/T049—1999標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)除鹽率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、苦(ku)咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)。在(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)前要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣制備(bei)，將(jiang)膜(mo)絲用(yong)(yong)環氧樹(shu)脂粘結于(yu)(yu)尼龍管(guan)(guan)或(huo)橡皮塞上，然后將(jiang)固化的(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)樣裝入測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置上進行(xing)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，但對樣品的(de)(de)(de)制備(bei)及測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求沒有做出(chu)具(ju)體詳細的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)說明。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)筒和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)秒(miao)表測(ce)(ce)量(liang)，不(bu)要(yao)(yao)求恒溫(wen)，測(ce)(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)查表換算成25℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)數值(zhi)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)附錄(lu)A給(gei)出(chu)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置流(liu)程(cheng)圖，附錄(lu)B給(gei)出(chu)了(le)醋酸纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)素膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)溫(wen)度(du)校正因子(zi)表。HY/T054.1—2001標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)實施要(yao)(yao)求與(yu)HY/T049—1999標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)HY/T054.2—2001標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)配套使用(yong)(yong)，規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)素材質(zhi)膜(mo)，對產(chan)(chan)品規(gui)(gui)格和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)尺寸(包(bao)括接口(kou)尺寸)做出(chu)了(le)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)。對3種膜(mo)(自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)、苦(ku)咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo))的(de)(de)(de)初始除鹽率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)初始產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(校正到25℃)做出(chu)了(le)要(yao)(yao)求，且產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)允許有±10%的(de)(de)(de)誤差范圍(wei)。HY/T054.2—2001標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等(deng)效采用(yong)(yong)了(le)美國材料(liao)與(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗協會的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)《反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)》(ASTMD4194:1995)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)苦(ku)咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(60±2)%，海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(30±2)%。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)附錄(lu)A給(gei)出(chu)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)裝置流(liu)程(cheng)圖。HY/T107—2008標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了(le)卷(juan)(juan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)(lv)、回收(shou)率(lv)(lv)、產(chan)(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通量(liang)、密封泄漏(lou)點及氣密性6個參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。脫(tuo)鹽率(lv)(lv)可按氯化鈉濃(nong)度(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)電導率(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)計算。目前，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)已(yi)很少見，工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)幾乎(hu)全為(wei)卷(juan)(juan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)，但是缺乏對卷(juan)(juan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性能(neng)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求做出(chu)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，質(zhi)檢機(ji)構只能(neng)根據(ju)廠家的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)稱值(zhi)進行(xing)質(zhi)量(liang)檢驗，評判尺度(du)不(bu)統(tong)一(yi)。由時(shi)代沃頓公(gong)司承擔(dan)起草的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)洋行(xing)業標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)《卷(juan)(juan)式(shi)(shi)聚酰(xian)胺復(fu)合反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)膜(mo)元件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)》發布實施后將(jiang)解決這(zhe)一(yi)問(wen)題。

2.3 納濾(NF)膜標準

納濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)標準有(you)1項，即《納濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)及(ji)其(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)》(HY/T113—2008)。該標準規(gui)定了納濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)及(ji)其(qi)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)分(fen)類與型(xing)號、要求、檢測(ce)、檢驗規(gui)則等。技術(shu)要求規(gui)定了在(zai)標準條件(jian)下納濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)對于(yu)一價(jia)離子(zi)及(ji)二(er)價(jia)離子(zi)的(de)水通(tong)量(liang)和脫(tuo)除率(lv)，脫(tuo)鹽(yan)率(lv)可按重量(liang)法或電導率(lv)法測(ce)量(liang)。一價(jia)離子(zi)以(yi)500mg/L的(de)NaCl為測(ce)試液，脫(tuo)除率(lv)應(ying)不小于(yu)30%;二(er)價(jia)離子(zi)以(yi)2000mg/L的(de)MgSO4為測(ce)試液，脫(tuo)除率(lv)應(ying)不小于(yu)90%。

2.4 超濾(UF)膜標準

超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有(you)3項:《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)》(HY/T050—1999)、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)組(zu)件(jian)》(HY/T062—2002)和(he)《超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)及其組(zu)件(jian)》(HY/T112—2008)。HY/T050—1999規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)純水(shui)透過(guo)率、截留(liu)分子(zi)質量及截留(liu)率的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)定(ding)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。所(suo)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)物質聚(ju)乙二醇測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)液(ye)(ye)濃(nong)度(du)定(ding)為5000mg/L，操作上不(bu)易實現，應該(gai)給(gei)出(chu)一個允許誤差(cha)范圍;所(suo)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)物質牛(niu)血清蛋白測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)液(ye)(ye)濃(nong)度(du)為1000～3000mg/L，范圍太(tai)寬，不(bu)科學。關于純水(shui)透過(guo)率的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)，對測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結果有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)液(ye)(ye)溫度(du)及回收率，標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)未做(zuo)出(chu)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，缺乏嚴格性(xing)(xing)。HY/T062—2002規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空纖維超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)組(zu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)分類與(yu)型號、要(yao)求、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)均要(yao)求按(an)HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)操作，但(dan)這兩(liang)項標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有(you)不(bu)對應的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)，例(li)如(ru)在(zai)HY/T050—1999中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)找不(bu)到“外(wai)觀檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)”和(he)“滲漏檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)”的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding);另外(wai)所(suo)用(yong)術(shu)語也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)統一，例(li)如(ru)HY/T062—2002中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“純水(shui)通量”指標(biao)(biao)在(zai)HY/T050—1999中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以“純水(shui)透過(guo)率”表述。HY/T112—2008規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)對超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)求，專門規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)用(yong)于海水(shui)預處理的(de)(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)濾膜(mo)(mo)組(zu)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)求。純水(shui)通量及截留(liu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)要(yao)求按(an)HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。另外(wai)，規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)、滲漏檢(jian)驗(yan)及耐壓(ya)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，但(dan)后兩(liang)者按(an)廠家標(biao)(biao)稱的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大工作壓(ya)力(li)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，無統一確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力(li)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。耐壓(ya)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)要(yao)求在(zai)標(biao)(biao)稱的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)壓(ya)差(cha)下運行(xing)(xing)12～24h，測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)周期過(guo)長(chang)。

2.5 微濾(MF)膜標準

微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有6項:《微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)性能測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)》(HY/T039—1995)、《中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖維(wei)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)》(HY/T051—1999)、《微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)》(HY/T053—2001)、《中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖維(wei)微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)組件(jian)》(HY/T061—2002)、《聚偏氟乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)》(HY/T065—2002)及(ji)(ji)《聚丙(bing)烯(xi)(xi)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖維(wei)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)》(HY/T110—2008)。HY/T039—1995標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了最大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、平均孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)分布及(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)等性能指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)及(ji)(ji)其檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)方法(fa)(fa)。該(gai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)平均孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)為(wei)0.1～20靘多孔(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(也(ye)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)泡點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)表(biao)示)、平均孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)分布及(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)對象(xiang)為(wei)膜(mo)(mo)片。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)裝置采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)HY/T038—1995規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)CTL-D型(xing)膜(mo)(mo)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)儀，該(gai)裝置為(wei)杭州水(shui)處理中(zhong)心自制，不(bu)具有通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性。HY/T051—1999標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了用(yong)(yong)(yong)泡點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖維(wei)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)最大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)及(ji)(ji)水(shui)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(又稱純水(shui)透過(guo)(guo)率(lv)(lv)(lv))測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)。HY/T053—2001標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)標(biao)(biao)記、要(yao)求(qiu)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法(fa)(fa)等。規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度(du)(du)范圍、親水(shui)性和疏水(shui)性微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)泡點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)值。泡點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)按(an)HY/T039—1999規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)，通(tong)(tong)量(liang)是將濕潤的(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)為(wei)47mm的(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)(mo)片裝在過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)器上在0.09MPa的(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)(ya)條件(jian)下測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)得，不(bu)要(yao)求(qiu)恒(heng)溫(wen)，根(gen)據(ju)實測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)水(shui)溫(wen)時的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)值，用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)度(du)(du)校正因子換算(suan)成25℃的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)。HY/T061—2002標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)基本要(yao)求(qiu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，技術(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)沒(mei)有規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)具體的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，不(bu)利于(yu)檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)判斷。外觀檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、純水(shui)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)和起始泡點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)均按(an)HY/T051—1999進行(xing)，但HY/T051—1999中(zhong)沒(mei)有滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，純水(shui)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)是以純水(shui)透過(guo)(guo)率(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)示。存在標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不(bu)對應和術(shu)語不(bu)統一的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。HY/T065—2002標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)體凈化用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)聚偏氟乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)。過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)精度(du)(du)分為(wei)0.01靘和0.3靘兩種，性能要(yao)求(qiu)中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)、孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和截留(liu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)值。過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)精度(du)(du)與截留(liu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣(qi)溶膠和完整(zheng)性試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)用(yong)(yong)(yong)汞(gong)壓(ya)(ya)儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。HY/T110—2008標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了聚丙(bing)烯(xi)(xi)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)纖維(wei)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)膜(mo)(mo)產品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)分類及(ji)(ji)型(xing)號(hao)、要(yao)求(qiu)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法(fa)(fa)等。分別規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了疏水(shui)性膜(mo)(mo)和親水(shui)性膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)、氣(qi)體通(tong)(tong)量(liang)。對膜(mo)(mo)絲的(de)(de)(de)平均直徑(jing)和壁厚(hou)做出(chu)了相應的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。最大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、純水(shui)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)按(an)HY/T051—1999規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)，孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)按(an)HY/T065—2002規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)執行(xing)，標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)還規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了膜(mo)(mo)絲平均直徑(jing)、壁厚(hou)和氣(qi)體流量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方法(fa)(fa)。

2.6 簾式膜標準

簾(lian)式膜(mo)標(biao)準有1項(xiang)，即《中空纖(xian)維簾(lian)式膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)》(GB/T25279—2010)。該標(biao)準適(shi)用于中空纖(xian)維簾(lian)式微孔濾膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)和(he)中空纖(xian)維簾(lian)式超濾膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)兩類。規定(ding)了(le)膜(mo)組(zu)(zu)件(jian)的分(fen)類與型(xing)號、要求、檢(jian)測方(fang)法、檢(jian)驗規則等。對(dui)外觀、外形尺寸(cun)、無滲(shen)漏(lou)性及(ji)產水量做出了(le)具體要求。產水量的測試條件(jian):自來水，25℃，-0.02MPa。

2.7 陶瓷微孔濾膜標準

陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜標(biao)準有(you)3項:《管式陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜元件(jian)》(HY/T063—2002)、《管式陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜測試方(fang)法》(HY/T064—2002)及(ji)《陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜組(zu)件(jian)》(HY/T104—2008)。HY/T063—2002標(biao)準規(gui)定了管式陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜元件(jian)的(de)外觀、尺(chi)寸公(gong)差(cha)、性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要求(qiu)、試驗(yan)方(fang)法及(ji)檢驗(yan)規(gui)則等。性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要求(qiu)包括:最大孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、平均(jun)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)、孔(kong)(kong)隙率、純(chun)水通量、彎曲強(qiang)度及(ji)耐(nai)酸(suan)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。性(xing)(xing)能(neng)測試方(fang)法按HY/T064—2002標(biao)準進(jin)行(xing)。HY/T064—2002標(biao)準與(yu)HY/T063—2002配套。HY/T104—2008標(biao)準規(gui)定了陶(tao)瓷(ci)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)濾膜組(zu)件(jian)的(de)分類與(yu)型號(hao)、要求(qiu)(包括主要尺(chi)寸、使用條件(jian)等)、試驗(yan)方(fang)法及(ji)檢驗(yan)規(gui)則等。

2.8 離子交換膜標準

離子(zi)交(jiao)換膜標(biao)(biao)(biao)準有1項，即(ji)《電(dian)滲(shen)析技術異相(xiang)離子(zi)交(jiao)換膜》(HY/T034.2—1994)，該標(biao)(biao)(biao)準規(gui)定(ding)了(le)電(dian)滲(shen)析異相(xiang)離子(zi)交(jiao)換膜的技術要求(qiu)、試驗方法(fa)及(ji)檢驗規(gui)則(ze)等。指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)包括外(wai)觀、含水率、交(jiao)換容(rong)量、面電(dian)阻及(ji)選擇透(tou)過率。3膜產品(pin)裝置(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準

膜產品通過組(zu)裝成裝置(zhi)或設備應用于許多行(xing)業，裝置(zhi)標準的建(jian)立促進(jin)了膜技術(shu)的廣泛應用。

反滲透膜產品裝置標準有：

《反滲透水處理設(she)備》(GB/T19249—2003)，

《反滲透系統(tong)膜元件清(qing)洗技術規范》(GB/T23954—2009)，

《純水機》(CJ/T168—2002)，

《生活垃圾滲濾液碟(die)管式反滲透(tou)處理設備》(CJ/T279—2008)，

《反(fan)滲透海水(shui)淡化裝(zhuang)置》(CB/T3753—1995)，

《火電廠反滲透水處理裝置(zhi)驗收導則》(DL/T951—2005)，

《反滲透裝(zhuang)置》(HCRJ065—1999)，

《環境保護產品技術要求反滲透水(shui)處理裝置(zhi)》(HJ/T270—2006)，

《反滲透(tou)裝置完(wan)好要(yao)求和(he)檢查(cha)評(ping)定方法》(SJ/T31455—1994)，

《飲用純(chun)凈水制備系統SRO系列反滲透設備》(HY/T068—2002)，

《膜法水處(chu)理反滲透海水淡化工程設計(ji)規范(fan)》(HY/T074—2003)；

納濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《納濾裝置(zhi)》(HY/T114—2008)；

超濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《超濾水處理設(she)備》(CJ/T170—2002)，

《中(zhong)空(kong)纖維超濾(lv)裝置》(HY/T060—2002)，

《環境保護產品技術(shu)要求(qiu)超濾裝(zhuang)置》(HJ/T271—2006)，

《火力發電(dian)廠(chang)超濾水處理裝(zhuang)置驗收導則》(DL/Z952—2005)，

《家用(yong)和類似用(yong)途超濾(lv)凈(jing)水機》(QB/T4143—2010)；

微濾膜產品裝置標準有：

《微(wei)濾水處(chu)理設備》(CJ/T169—2002)，

《GTL-D型膜孔(kong)徑(jing)測定儀》(HY/T038—1995)，

《聚(ju)偏(pian)氟(fu)乙烯微孔(kong)濾膜折疊式過濾器》(HY/T066—2002)，

《中空纖維微孔濾膜裝(zhuang)置》(HY/T103—2008)；

離子交換膜產品裝置標準有：

《電(dian)滲析(xi)技(ji)術(shu)電(dian)滲析(xi)器》(HY/T034.3—1994)，

《電(dian)去(qu)離子膜堆(組(zu)件)》(HY/T120—2008)，

《環境保護產品技術要求電滲析裝置》(HJ/T334—2006)。
4膜技(ji)術標準重點內(nei)容(rong)分析

4.1 超濾膜截留性能

超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)包括截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)率兩項(xiang)指標，是(shi)超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜最重要的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離性(xing)能(neng)指標。截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)率是(shi)指超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)特(te)定(ding)溶(rong)(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)占溶(rong)(rong)液總特(te)定(ding)溶(rong)(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)比率，截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)是(shi)指膜對某種特(te)定(ding)溶(rong)(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)率達到90%以上時(shi)的(de)(de)最小分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。它(ta)們是(shi)反映膜孔徑大小和分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)替代參數(shu)，決定(ding)了超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離性(xing)能(neng)。我國超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜的(de)(de)3項(xiang)標準中，關于截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試，都采用(yong)標準HY/T050—1999的(de)(de)方(fang)法。在該標準中，規(gui)定(ding)用(yong)于超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)基準物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)以下幾種:聚乙二醇(分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)6000、10000、20000u);細胞色素C(分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)13000u);卵清蛋(dan)白(分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)45000u);牛血清蛋(dan)白(分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為(wei)67000u)。盡管目(mu)前已(yi)經有較多的(de)(de)基準物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)應用(yong)于超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試，但是(shi)這些化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)并不完(wan)全具備超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)用(yong)基準物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)，不能(neng)很好地滿足準確測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)膜截(jie)(jie)(jie)留(liu)(liu)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)要求。主要存在如下問(wen)題：

• ①單一化合物分子質量分布不集中，凝膠色譜測試測得重均/數均分子質量比值(Mw/Mn)>1.1，不適合用作基準物質；
• ②聚乙二醇、聚環氧乙烷及葡聚糖等化合物雖然具備純度高、性質穩定、分子質量分布窄等優點，但是這類化合物的分子構型為線型且濃度隨環境變化而變化，不能確切地表征超濾膜的截留性能，測出的截留率不可靠。
• ③牛血清蛋白和卵清蛋白等蛋白質雖然具有分子質量分布范圍非常小、分子形狀基本呈圓球形等優點，但是蛋白質的球形是非剛性的，容易受到測試條件(如壓力和溫度變化)的影響。另外，可用的蛋白質分子質量只有極少數幾種，而且蛋白質的價格昂貴。更為嚴重的是，牛血清蛋白等蛋白質類物質對膜材料的吸附性強易造成測試結果誤差大，尤其是對于聚砜超濾膜，且這種吸附甚至是不可逆的。
• ④目前，工程中大量應用100000u以上截留分子質量的超濾膜，但測試標準中基準物質的最高分子質量只有67000u，無法滿足測試需要。另外，隨著技術的發展，超濾膜表面改性后可能發生顯著變化，如吸附了功能性物質或者帶有電荷，在此情況下利用傳統的基準物已經不能夠準確測量超濾膜的截留性能。基于現有基準物質存在的不足及行業對超濾膜截留性能測試的需求，亟待開發性能優良的系列基準物。

4.2 微濾膜孔徑

　　微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)與膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)離性(xing)(xing)(xing)能和通(tong)量密切相關(guan)，是(shi)微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)表征參數(shu)(shu)。標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)HY/T051—1999根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)泡點法測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)最(zui)大孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)，但是(shi)該方法是(shi)建立在(zai)膜(mo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)為(wei)均勻通(tong)直圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)假設(she)條件下，所(suo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果與實際(ji)相比往往存在(zai)誤差(cha)。因為(wei)微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)極其(qi)復雜和不規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)于微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)而言(yan)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)是(shi)指貫(guan)通(tong)于膜(mo)兩表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)通(tong)道(dao)中最(zui)窄細處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道(dao)半徑(jing)(jing)，即(ji)貫(guan)通(tong)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)頸(jing)半徑(jing)(jing)。另外，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定過(guo)程中容易受到潤濕效應(ying)、升壓速率(lv)、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度、潤濕液(ye)與膜(mo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親和性(xing)(xing)(xing)等因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，重(zhong)現性(xing)(xing)(xing)差(cha)。為(wei)真實地測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)及組件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)，可(ke)借鑒超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)截留性(xing)(xing)(xing)能測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定方法，配制具(ju)有(you)一定粒(li)徑(jing)(jing)范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)粒(li)子溶液(ye)作為(wei)原水(shui)，通(tong)過(guo)微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)后(hou)，用(yong)顆粒(li)計數(shu)(shu)儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定原水(shui)和透過(guo)水(shui)中不同粒(li)徑(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)顆粒(li)數(shu)(shu)目(mu)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)對(dui)(dui)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截留情況，可(ke)以得(de)到微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)組件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)及孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)(jing)分(fen)布數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)。5總結

①雖然我(wo)國膜技術標準發展取得(de)了(le)相(xiang)當的(de)成(cheng)果，但標準仍然滯后于行業發展，標準的(de)數量(liang)和質量(liang)還(huan)不能(neng)滿足需要(yao)。

②現有(you)膜技術(shu)標準中涉及的性(xing)能(neng)參數主要為(wei)分(fen)離透過性(xing)能(neng)指標，膜物理性(xing)能(neng)和化(hua)學性(xing)能(neng)指標的相關標準有(you)待建(jian)立(li)。

③一些早期的(de)標準需要盡快進行修訂。

④現有基(ji)準物質不能滿足行業對(dui)超濾膜截留性(xing)能測試的需(xu)要，亟待(dai)開發性(xing)能優良(liang)的系列基(ji)準物。

⑤可研究(jiu)采用(yong)標準(zhun)粒子法真實地測定微濾(lv)膜及組件的孔徑和孔徑分布。

⑥標準是膜產品(pin)的(de)質量(liang)準則和進行膜產品(pin)質量(liang)監督檢驗的(de)依(yi)據(ju)，對(dui)于(yu)我國膜技(ji)術標準的(de)發展(zhan)，建(jian)議如下：

• 一是完善標準體系建設。構建一個結構合理、內容完整、重點突出、層次分明的分離膜標準體系框架，引導分離膜標準化工作科學發展；
• 二是深入開展標準基礎研究，提高分離膜標準技術水平；
• 三是制定強制標準，保證分離膜用于飲用水等方面的健康安全；
• 四是加強分離膜產品質量監管，常態化進行國家膜產品質量監督抽查；
• 五是推行膜產品質量認證，實行市場準入；
• 六是加強分離膜標準的宣貫，促進分離膜領域標準化基礎知識的普及和標準對行業的規范作用。